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Misiones - Argentina
Las cataratas del Iguazú se localizan sobre el río Iguazú, en el límite entre la provincia argentina de Misiones y el estado brasileño de Paraná. Están totalmente insertadas en áreas protegidas; el sector de la Argentina se encuentra dentro del parque nacional Iguazú, mientras que la porción del Brasil se encuentra en el parque nacional do Iguaçu. Cerca de ellas se encuentra la frontera entre Paraguay y Argentina, a sólo 13,8 km en línea recta. Fueron elegidas como una de las «Siete maravillas naturales del mundo».
Estas cataratas están formadas por 275 saltos, 80 % están del lado argentino. Un espectáculo aparte es su salto de mayor caudal y, con 80 m, también el más alto: la garganta del Diablo, el cual se puede disfrutar en toda su majestuosidad desde solo 50 m, recorriendo las pasarelas que parten desde Puerto Canoas, al que se llega utilizando el servicio de trenes ecológicos. Por este salto pasa la frontera entre ambos países. Se pueden realizar paseos en lancha bajo los saltos y caminatas por senderos apreciando algunos animales de la selva semitropical.
Nikon D850. Nikkor 55mm micro, 2 x PK-3 extension tubes, flash, handheld, 7 shots stacked in Zerene.
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Another from my mini chase of New England Central Railroad train 611 (Brattleboro to Palmer turn that forwards the connecting 323/324 road freight traffic) fron Belchertown to Palmer on NECR's Palmer Sub, the one time Central Vermont Railway mainline. This shot wasn't what I wanted but unfortunately this train stopped just north of here to switch out Barrets and by the time they finally showed up the sun had swung enough that shadows had begun to encroach on the rails. They are rounding the tight curve approaching the private crossing at MP 67.8 inside yard limits (rule 6.13 territory) just north of the long thru girder bridge over the Chicopee River. They are in the aptly named village of 'Three Rivers' where the Swift, Ware, and Quaboag Rivers all meet to form the Chicopee which flows down to the mighty Connecticut.
Leading the way is Providence and Worcester 4069, a GE C40-8W blt. Mar. 1989 as CR 6028 which passed to Norfolk Southern before being retired in 2017. It was sold to Larry's Truck and Electric and lanquished for many years until being picked up by Genesee and Wyoming and assigned to the PW. It was freshly painted in this veterans tribute scheme in September of 2024 and has mostly hidden out of the limelight in working stone trains out of New Haven. But it was recently loaned to NECR after a couple of their units suffered failures leading to a power shortage. Trailing are GE C40-8Ws NECR 4064 and 4068 blt. Mar. and Nov. 1991 as CR 6115 and CSXT 7740 respectively.
Palmer, Massachusetts
Monday January 10, 2025
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Arribes, también denominado Arribes del Duero, es una comarca natural española, situada en la comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León, que se extiende por el noroeste de la provincia de Salamanca y el sudoeste de la provincia de Zamora, junto a la frontera portuguesa.
Arribes, arribas y arribanzos son vocablos leoneses utilizados para denominar la profunda y prolongada garganta fluvial del río Duero en su tramo internacional con Portugal y de sus afluentes los ríos Águeda, Esla, Huebra, Tormes y Uces. Esta geomorfología se caracteriza por una zona de depresión o de altitud más baja y otra de penillanura o de altitud más elevada, siendo los arribes el conjunto de ambas zonas, que se sitúan a orillas de estos ríos.
Su territorio es un espacio natural protegido para preservar el nivel de conservación de sus ecosistemas naturales y valores paisajísticos en armonía con los usos, derechos y aprovechamientos tradicionales y con la realización de actividades educativas, científicas, culturales, recreativas, turísticas o socioeconómicas compatibles. La Junta de Castilla y León incorporó este territorio a su red de parques naturales el 11 de abril de 2002. El Gobierno portugués hizo lo mismo con su parte algo antes, el 11 de mayo de 1998, bajo el nombre de parque natural del Duero Internacional. Está catalogado también, casi con la misma extensión, como Zona de Especial protección para las Aves (ZEPA), con 108 054,01 ha, y Lugar de Importancia Comunitaria (LIC), con 106 178.29 ha, del proyecto europeo Red Natura 2000. Además, el 9 de junio de 2015, los dos parques son declarados reserva de la biosfera transfronteriza por la Unesco bajo la denominación de Meseta Ibérica, junto a otras zonas protegidas españolas y portuguesas, destacando el parque natural Lago de Sanabria y sierras Segundera y de Porto en territorio español y el parque natural de Montesinho en la parte lusa, así como distintos espacios de la Red Natura 2000.
Los grandes desniveles de su orografía, el alto caudal del Duero y los numerosos ríos que en él desembocan, convierten a esta zona en uno de los puntos de mayor potencial hidroeléctrico de la península ibérica. Por ello, los gobiernos de España y Portugal firmaron en 1927 un acuerdo para regular el reparto del aprovechamiento del Duero internacional en dos sectores, a raíz del cual se fueron construyendo una red de presas y embalses, hoy conocidos como Saltos del Duero.
La profunda hendidura abierta por el encajonamiento del Duero y sus afluentes suaviza el régimen térmico hasta el punto de permitir el desarrollo de una inusual vegetación termófila y de cultivos típicamente mediterráneos en bancales. Esta singular configuración geomorfológica introduce notables modificaciones en las condiciones climáticas, ya que la garganta del Duero se comporta como un condensador de calor. De tal manera que, mientras en la penillanura imperan unas condiciones climáticas caracterizadas por inviernos largos y muy fríos y veranos cortos y moderadamente cálidos, el escobio fluvial representa un islote de calor que redunda en que los inviernos sean cortos y suaves y los veranos largos y calurosos. Además de la diversidad vegetal, las vertientes más escarpadas se han convertido en un lugar idóneo para el refugio de la fauna salvaje, especialmente para las aves.
Su ubicación fronteriza, alejada de los grandes núcleos de población y con escasas infraestructuras, ha propiciado un continuo proceso de despoblación de sus pueblos aunque también ha permitido la conservación de un amplio patrimonio histórico, cultural y natural, entre el que destacan su paisaje, arquitectura y tradiciones. En los últimos años, con la protección de este territorio, han llegado algunas iniciativas inversoras relacionadas con el turismo y el comercio minorista transfronterizo. Esta circunstancia ha evidenciado que sea necesario preservar y potenciar su hábitat natural, su patrimonio y sus tradiciones socioculturales, principales propulsores de su economía.
Arribes se encuentra situado junto al río Duero, en el tramo del prolongado cañón fluvial que ha originado y que separa España de Portugal bajo el nombre de Duero Internacional. Este territorio comienza aguas abajo de la ciudad de Zamora (652 msnm), donde el Duero abandona los materiales sedimentarios de su cuenca terciaria y se encaja progresivamente sobre las duras y resistentes rocas plutónicas y metamórficas del zócalo paleozoico que sustentan la penillanura zamorano-salmantina. Se extiende de forma longitudinal, para finalizar cuando el Duero se adentra definitivamente en territorio portugués, a la altura de Barca de Alba (125 msnm), dejando a su paso una profunda hendidura abierta, que supera los 400 m de profundidad y que tiene como principal consecuencia el originar laderas resguardadas que suavizan el régimen térmico que ha permitido el desarrollo de una vegetación termófila y cultivos típicamente mediterráneos en bancales.
La demarcación más concreta de esta comarca natural surge recientemente, tras la creación del parque natural de Arribes del Duero, con una demarcación que comprende (total o parcialmente) la superficie de 37 términos municipales:
Vista general del conjunto histórico de Fermoselle desde el mirador de El Torojón. La villa es considerada habitualmente la capital de la zona.
24 pertenecientes a la provincia de Salamanca: Ahigal de los Aceiteros, Aldeadávila de la Ribera, Almendra, Barruecopardo, Bermellar, La Bouza, Cabeza del Caballo, Cerezal de Peñahorcada, La Fregeneda, Hinojosa de Duero, Lumbrales, Masueco, Mieza, La Peña, Pereña de la Ribera, Puerto Seguro, Saldeana, San Felices de los Gallegos, Saucelle, Sobradillo, Trabanca, Villarino de los Aires, Vilvestre y La Zarza de Pumareda.
13 pertenecientes a la provincia de Zamora: Argañín, Fariza, Fermoselle, Fonfría, Gamones, Moral de Sayago, Moralina, Pino del Oro, Torregamones, Villadepera, Villalcampo, Villar del Buey y Villardiegua de la Ribera.
Dentro de estos 37 términos municipales existen otras localidades anejas o pedanías que también forman parte del Parque. Son Badilla, Carbajosa, Castro de Alcañices, Corporario, Cozcurrita, Fuentes de Masueco, Fornillos de Fermoselle, Formariz, Mámoles, Palazuelo de Sayago, Pinilla de Fermoselle, Salto de Aldeadávila, Salto de Castro, Salto de Saucelle, Salto de Villalcampo, Tudera y Zafara. Por el contrario, muchos de los términos municipales del Parque sólo están incluidos parcialmente en su demarcación por lo que a algunos núcleos poblacionales de esos municipios no les afecta la delimitación del parque. Es el caso de Almendra, Barruecopardo, Cabeza del Caballo, Fonfría, Lumbrales, Moral de Sayago y Villar del Buey.
En algunas localidades limítrofes todavía existe interés por pertenecer al Parque, como es el caso de Olmedo de Camaces, Fuenteliante y Bañobárez que en 2004 solicitaron su inclusión. De hecho, estos municipios estuvieron incluidos en el anteproyecto del parque natural pero finalmente fueron excluidos de la demarcación definitiva. Bogajo, Cerralbo, Encinasola de los Comendadores, El Milano, La Redonda, Muga de Sayago y Villasbuenas también se consideraron dentro del parque en un principio.
Geomorfología
Las profundas incisiones de los ríos Duero y Águeda son frontera natural entre España y Portugal, dividen una zona de idénticas características entre ambos países. El Duero y sus afluentes son el elemento común y nexo de unión de todo un territorio que se extiende linealmente a lo largo de más de 120 km.7 El Duero es internacional desde la presa de Castro hasta Barca d'Alva. En este lugar se le une el río Águeda, que es internacional desde esta aldea hasta el lugar donde se le une el río Turones, cerca de La Bouza. La parte española, declarada parque natural de Arribes del Duero, se extiende sobre una superficie de 106 105 hectáreas mientras que la parte portuguesa, declarada parque natural del Duero Internacional, se extiende sobre una superficie de 85.150 hectáreas. Los dos parques suman una superficie de 191.255 hectáreas, lo que convierte a esta zona en una de las áreas protegidas más grandes de Europa.
La Unión Europea también protege la biodiversidad de Arribes a través de la Red Natura 2000, a través de las figuras de zona especial de conservación y zona de especial protección para las aves. La protección se debe a la especial fisonomía de este territorio, caracterizado por la vertebración que sobre él imprime el Duero y sus afluentes, que ha dado lugar a una serie de cañones fluviales, y la existencia de una penillanura colindante de paisaje adehesado, que además es el hábitat y zona de reproducción de aves como la cigüeña negra, el alimoche, la garza real, el milano real y el búho real. La primera de las zonas protegidas es la denominada Cañones del Duero que comprende la ribera del Duero aguas arriba del límite con Portugal, entre la confluencia con el río Esla y la ciudad de Zamora, y que incluye el embalse de Villalcampo. Este espacio protegido limita al oeste con un segundo espacio protegido que se denomina «Arribes del Duero» y que incluye un área ligeramente superior al territorio protegido como parque natural bajo por la Junta de Castilla y León con la misma denoominación. Un tercer área e la denominada «Riberas de los Ríos Huebra y Yeltes» y «Riberas de los Ríos Huebra, Yeltes, Uces y afluentes » que protege un espacio que incluye varios tramos de los ríos Huebra, Yeltes, Uces, Maillo, Morasverdes, Gavilanes y Tenebrilla, así como de los arroyos Zarzoso, Navia de Fiuncia, Zarzosillo, Moresna, Madriega, Vallefrío, Campocerrado y Cilleruelo. Se incluyen además las Lagunas y pastizales asociados de Tenebrón. En total suman unos 240 km lineales de cauces tributarios del río Duero y que por tanto es colindante con el denominado Arribes del Duero. Una cuarta zona es la denominada «Río Águeda» -) y «Riberas del Río Águeda» que está formado por un único tramo del citado río, caracterizado por contar con un cañón fluvial de escarpadas laderas abruptas y cerradas, una zona muy agreste y aislada.1 Por último, está el denominado «Campo de Argañán» que afecta a los términos municipales de La Bouza y Puerto Seguro que destaca por la existencia de un paisaje adehesado con presencia de Quercus ilex sp. rotundifolia de la Región.
La Unesco reconoció en 2015 el nivel de conservación recursos genéticos, especies, ecosistemas y paisajes de Arribes, incluyendo el territorio del parque natural dentro de Meseta Ibérica. Esta reserva de la biosfera transfronteriza incluye además un extenso territorio que también incluye el parque natural Lago de Sanabria y sierras Segundera y de Porto, el parque natural de Montesinho, los Cañones del Duero, las Lagunas de Villafáfila, la Sierra de la Culebra y la Albufera del Azibo y Romeo.
Ecosistemas
La fauna y la flora de este territorio brilla por la gran riqueza y variedad de especies que las componen. La singularidad del clima junto con la peculiaridad de la orografía, favorecen la existencia de un ecosistema natural de singular belleza. Las especies animales y vegetales que lo habitan, constituyen una síntesis de entre las que se pueden encontrar en el clima mediterráneo de los valles y en el clima continental de la penillanura. En esta demarcación habitan unas 200 especies de aves, al menos 45 de mamíferos, 16 de peces, 11 de anfibios y 17 de reptiles.
La diversidad animal es uno de los motivos más importantes por los que Arribes se declaró parque natural. Destaca el elevado número de aves, tanto nidificantes como hibernantes. Los arribes de los ríos, las grandes masas forestales y los numerosos cursos fluviales, constituyen en conjunto, el hábitat perfecto para numerosos animales, especialmente para las aves. En España existen 465 tipos, en Castilla y León 334 y en Arribes al menos 200.
Aves
La cigüeña negra es el ave más emblemática. Los huecos y recodos del arribanzo son el lugar elegido para la nidificación de esta ave que en España está incluida dentro de las especies con posible peligro de extinción. Es por tanto este espacio natural, un punto clave para la conservación de esta especie. En 1995 y 1998, se designaron varias Áreas Críticas para la Conservación de la Cigüeña Negra. Las 20 parejas de cigüeña negra que hay en esta zona, suponen el 8% de la población española y el 25% de la de Castilla y León (datos de febrero de 2005).
Junto con la cigüeña negra, las grandes rapaces constituyen las otras nidificantes más significativas e importantes de Arribes. Entre ellas, la forma del buitre leonado es la más sencilla de reconocer, pues campea a sus anchas por toda el área. En 2005 tenía una población de 550 parejas.8 También destacan y son relativamente fáciles de reconocer las siluetas del alimoche (75 parejas en 2005), el búho real (25 parejas en 1992), el águila real (24 parejas en 2005), el águila perdicera (17 parejas en 2005), el milano real (9 parejas en 2005) y el halcón peregrino (6 parejas en 2005). Menos insólitas, destacan las poblaciones de chova piquirroja (159 parejas en 2005) y cigüeña blanca (115 parejas en 1999).
En 1990 las arribes fueron declaradas Zona de Especial Protección para las Aves (ZEPA). Las especies protagonistas de este logro son el águila perdicera, el águila real, el alimoche, el búho real, el buitre leonado, la chova piquirroja, la cigüeña negra y el halcón peregrino.
Entrando ya a nombrar el resto de aves, son reseñables aquellas que dependen del resguardo de los arribanzos para criar o simplemente para sobrevivir. La más común es el avión roquero, que a diferencia del de otras zonas, permanece aquí todo el año gracias al microclima. Otras destacables son la chova piquirroja, el cuervo, la golondrina dáurica, la grajilla, el roquero solitario y el vencejo real.
En los bosques donde predominan los robles, se encuentran pequeñas poblaciones de arrendajo, becada, camachuelo común, mirlo común, mito, pico menor, pico picapinos, pito real, torcecuello, trepador azul y zorzal común. En los bosques donde predominan las encinas, son más frecuentes los alcaudones comunes, los alcaudones reales, los agateadores, los críalos y los rabilargos. Otras rapaces forestales con presencia son el águila calzada, el milano negro, el milano real y el ratonero común. Durante la noche son frecuentes el autillo, el búho chico, el cárabo y el chotacabras gris.
En las riberas de los ríos, se puede ver al chorlitejo chico, la focha común, la gallina de agua, la garza real, el martín pescador y el mirlo acuático.
Mamíferos
De las noventa especies de mamíferos existentes en la península Ibérica, al menos cuarenta y cinco se han observado en esta zona. Es destacada la presencia de murciélagos, de los que se calcula la presencia de catorce tipos. En su proliferación ha tenido especial trascendencia el abrigo proporcionado por los roquedales de los acantilados y el especial clima benigno de la zona.
Pasando a enumerar las especies terrestres, reseñar la presencia de ejemplares tan escasos como son el gato montés y el tejón.
Uno de los mamíferos cuya presencia despierta un especial interés, por su escasez y galopante regresión en el continente europeo, es la nutria. La construcción de numerosos embalses fue antaño la principal causa de su casi completa desaparición en el Duero, de la que escasamente se ha ido recuperando con el paso del tiempo.
El lobo sigue presente aunque en menor medida que antaño debido al temor que produce en los ganaderos, ya que de vez en cuando se producen ataques a ovejas y otros animales. Al sur del Duero está protegido por la Unión Europea y se prohíbe completamente su caza para favorecer la recuperación. Hace unos años estaba prácticamente extinto y sólo se avistaba alguna vez que cruzaba desde el norte zamorano o portugués. Otros mamíferos, ya relativamente más abundantes, serían el zorro, jabalí, jineta, conejo, liebre, erizo, comadreja, garduña y lirón careto.
El más significativo de todos los mamíferos que han habitado Arribes, es el endémico lince ibérico. Aunque actualmente se da por extinguido en la zona, algunos expertos afirman que en los valles más tranquilos y de vegetación mejor conservada, aún podrían quedar algunos ejemplares. De hecho, aunque no esté demostrada su supervivencia en estas tierras, en la mayoría de los carteles, folletos y webs de promoción y publicidad de la zona, así como en la propia ley de declaración como parque natural, todavía lo incluyen entre sus especies.
Peces
Boga del Duero tratando de superar un obstáculo en el río.
La actual diversidad de peces es consecuencia directa de la intervención humana pues la mayoría han sido introducidos, no pertenecen al ecosistema original. De las cincuenta y seis especies que habitan las aguas continentales españolas, en las arribes están presentes dieciséis.44 Entre los ejemplares que se encuentran en las aguas de Arribes hay especies autóctonas como el barbo común, boga, colmilleja, la pardilla y calandino, gallego, bermejuela, escallo y especies exóticas como el lucio, carpín, carpa, gobio, tenca, gambusia, percasol, black-bass.
La escasez de esturiones, mucho más abundantes antes de la construcción de las presas por tratarse de una especie anádroma, ha motivado su clasificación como especie en peligro de extinción. La anguila es otra especie migradora (catádroma) y por motivos similares también está catalogada como amenazada en la parte española del Duero. Para garantizar la supervivencia de estas especies, se ha propuesto la necesidad de mejorar las escalas o pasos para peces de nuestras infraestructuras hidráulicas.
Anfibios y reptiles
En comparación con otras zonas del mundo, debido al bajo volumen de precipitaciones y el rigor térmico, las condiciones ambientales del centro peninsular no son las más idóneas para la proliferación de los anfibios. De las veintisiete especies contabilizadas en suelo español, al menos dieciocho están en Castilla y León y once en los arribes, de las que al menos dos son endémicas: tritón ibérico y sapo partero ibérico. Son abundantes el sapo común, sapo corredor, tritón jaspeado, rana de san Antonio y la salamandra común.44
Al contrario que en el caso de los anfibios, Arribes es un hábitat idóneo para la proliferación de reptiles, tanto por clima como por relieve. De los cuarenta y un tipos de anfibios presentes en suelo español y los treinta en suelo castellanoleonés, en las arribes se han contabilizado hasta diecisiete especies. Los más abundantes son el lagarto ocelado, la lagartija colilarga, el bastardo y la culebra escalera. Estos a su vez se han convertido en elementos clave de la alimentación de las rapaces diurnas, por la disminución progresiva de otros animales como conejo y perdiz. Relevante es también la presencia de la salamanquesa común, amparada por la mayor benignidad climática, junto al galápago europeo y el galápago leproso.
Vegetación de Arribes
Paisaje típico de penillanura, en la localidad de Tudera.
La importante diversidad vegetal existente Arribes es consecuencia directa de la peculiaridad geográfica y climática de la zona, y es que el clima mediterráneo presente en los arribes permite por ejemplo cultivar variedades no habituales en la meseta. A finales del siglo XIX se llegó a ver incluso caña de azúcar. Esto es posible debido a que los inviernos son más cortos y por tanto el periodo libre de heladas es más amplio.
Antiguamente la agricultura y la ganadería estaban muy presentes, la superficie dedicada a estas actividades era bastante mayor que hoy en día, y como en muchos sitios, esto acabó con muchos de los bosques que cubrían la práctica totalidad de la península Ibérica. En las arribes y a pesar de esto, todavía se conservan numerosos bosques de gran valor ecológico debido a que la dificultad para cultivar en las pendientes escarpadas, frenó la realización de las faenas del campo en ellas. La mayoría de los bosques de Arribes están compuestos por robles. Coexisten con los de alcornoques, almeces, encinas y enebros. Las extensiones de matorral están formadas por chumberas, jaras, piornos, retamas y tomillos.
De entre los bosques de este espacio natural, destacan el almezal de Mieza, por ser el más extenso de Europa con sus más de 250 ha, y el enebral de la Peña del Águila en Cozcurrita , donde se conserva una subespecie de enebro única en Europa. Otros bosques con notoria importancia ecológica son el alcornocal-enebral del monte Gudín en Vilvestre, el almezal de Aldeadávila, el alcornocal de Valduyan en Fornillos de Fermoselle, el almezal cercano al Pozo de los Humos en Pereña o el enebral de La Fregeneda.
La vid es el cultivo más extendido. Destacan las catorce bodegas que elaboran los vinos de la Denominación de Origen Arribes en Aldeadávila, Ahigal de los Aceiteros, Fermoselle, Fornillos de Fermoselle, La Fregeneda, Pereña de la Ribera y Villarino. Además de esto, se pueden ver algunas extensiones importantes de olivos en Aldeadávila, Ahigal de los Aceiteros, Fermoselle, La Fregeneda, San Felices, Mieza, Vilvestre y Villarino. Así mismo, quedan varios campos de almendros en Hinojosa de Duero, Mieza, Saucelle y los más importantes en Fermoselle, La Fregeneda y Vilvestre. Los naranjos también tienen presencia en esta misma zona, sobre todo en Vilvestre. Otros cultivos frecuentes pero en menor medida son los perales, los manzanos, los cerezos, las higueras, los ciruelos, los melocotoneros, los albaricoqueros y los limoneros. Los campos del término municipal de Fermoselle, al abrigo de los arribes del Tormes y el Duero, son un ejemplo de lugar donde se hallan todos estos.
Historia y vestigios
Estas tierras han estado habitadas desde hace mucho tiempo aunque en la actualidad la pérdida de población es uno de sus grandes problemas.
Las arribes están situadas al margen de las principales vías de comunicación, sin embargo este hecho no dificultó su poblamiento desde tiempos remotos, jugando incluso un papel notable en determinadas épocas. Los historiadores y arqueólogos nos muestran una continua sucesión y superposición de culturas que con el tiempo han forjado el carácter de este territorio y de sus gentes.
Culturas prehistóricas
Los primeros indicios de poblamiento datan del Paleolítico. El terreno granítico de estas tierras no dio lugar a cuevas y son escasos los refugios naturales, que se reducen a los llamados «palambrios» o «palombreras» (piedra caballera), «sollapas» o «sopallas» o «solapos» (peñas en forma de visera), «rachizos» a los que se dotó de paredes de piedra y cubiertas de ramaje, y a pequeñas oquedades de origen geodinámico (fracturas o fallas) o erosivo como los del Risco en Bermellar, de la Fisga del Diablo en Fariza, del Buraco del Diablo y las Cachas del Culo en Fermoselle, la Casa del Grelo en Mámoles, la Palla Rubia en Pereña y Valcuevo en Torregamones.
Son herencias megalíticas los desaparecidos dólmenes que se situaban junto a la ermita de la Virgen del Castillo en Fariza o los del Prado Polo y del Lumbo de Valdesancho en Lumbrales. Otros dólmenes que sí han perdurado son el de Navalito en Lumbrales y el situado en el pago de La Veiga de Torregamones.
Los primeros asentamientos del Neolítico se diferenciaron poco de los habitáculos del paleolítico. Con el tiempo se desarrollaron los primeros poblados o aldeas, en los que la vivienda se construye de forma redondeada, siguiendo el sistema más fácil, a imagen de los actuales chiviteros, con un muro circular y una cubierta vegetal que finalmente sería sustituida por una falsa bóveda de losas de piedra recubiertas de tierra y césped. A este tipo de vivienda nos remiten los rebajes de muchos de los asentamientos neolíticos, como el del Rincón de las Cabañas de Fermoselle, casi todos situados en las proximidades de los cursos fluviales.
Las muestras de arte rupestre son escasas, destacando entre ellas el yacimiento arqueológico del Castillo de Vilvestre de la Ribera, lugar en el que se hallaron pinturas rupestres y un taller neolítico que algunos expertos consideran el más importante de España. De esta época son también las hachas pulimentadas y pinturas rupestres (denominadas La Procesión) encontradas en la zona del Agua Santa en Saucelle de la Ribera.
Por toda la zona se establecían numerosos altares y santuarios rupestres en los que se daba culto a las divinidades de la naturaleza mediante ofrendas o cruentos sacrificios. Se ha constatado la existencia del santuario de la Peña del Gato en Argañín, el santuario de los monumentos sagrados de Peñatorre y de Peña del Moro en Castro de Alcañices, el santuario de la Virgen del Castillo en Fariza, el santuario de la Mesa de los Curas en La Fregeneda, el santuario de la Peña Gorda en La Peña, el santuario de Nuestra Señora del Castillo en Pereña de la Ribera, el santuario de Valdecadiella en Villalcampo, el santuario de la Peña del Ejido en Villar del Buey, el santuario de San Mamede en Villardiegua de la Ribera, el santuario del Teso de San Cristóbal en Villarino de los Aires y el santuario de El Castillo en Vilvestre de la Ribera.81
Como hallazgos aislados se han encontrado una alabarda de la cultura campaniforme en Fariza y un hacha de talón del Bronce Final en Pino del Oro.
La cultura celta
La cultura celta irrumpe en estas tierras hacia el primer milenio antes de Cristo. Los numerosos castros, verracos, estelas, fíbulas, broches, anillos y cerámicas encontrados nos remiten al pueblo vetón, aunque su presencia al norte del Tormes pudo ser compartida con otro pueblo celta, el vacceo.84
El vestigio más representativo de los vetones son los verracos, unas esculturas de piedra con forma de toro que denotan la importancia del ganado en esta cultura. Se han encontrado uno en La Redonda, dos en Lumbrales, uno en Masueco, uno en San Felices de los Gallegos, seis en Villalcampo y cuatro en Villardiegua. Otro vestigio destacado son los castros, los poblados fortificados propios de la época celta. Existe constancia de su presencia en Barruecopardo (Castro de la Casa de Quiquín), en Bermellar (Castro del Castillo de Saldañuela), en el Teso del Dinero en Cerezal de Peñahorcada, en el cerro de la Ermita de Nuestra Señora del Castillo en Fariza, en el Castillo Moro de Fermoselle, en Hinojosa de Duero (Castro de Cabeza de Moncalvo), en Lumbrales (Castro de Las Merchanas), en el camino de Masueco a Corporario, en Moral de Sayago, en el cerro de la Ermita de Nuestra Señora del Castillo en Pereña de la Ribera, en Saldeana (Castro de El Castillo), en San Felices de los Gallegos (Castro de Castelmao), en Fuenteguinaldo (Castro de Irueña), en Gallegos de Argañán (Castro de El Castillo o La Plaza), en Villalcampo (Castro de Santiago), en Villardiegua (Castro de San Mamede), en Zamarra (Castro de Lerilla), y en el Teso de San Cristóbal de Villarino de los Aires.
La dominación romana
Las calzadas romanas es uno de los legados más característicos del imperio romano. Por el norte existía la que unía Zamora con Pereruela, donde se dividía en la calzada mirandesa y la que se dirigía a Fermoselle, en ambos casos atravesando los arribes. También son testimonio de esta época la multitud de estelas o inscripciones diseminadas a lo largo de todo el territorio. Un ejemplo de ellas son las de Barruecopardo, Fariza,
Hinojosa, Moral de Sayago, Pino del Oro y Villalcampo. Se caracterizan por sus decoraciones curvilíneas, sus signos cruciformes, funerarios o astrales y en algunas ocasiones sus inscripciones en latín. Recientemente ha aparecido una placa de cobre en la que está inscrito un pacto de hospitalidad. Este documento jurídico fue hallado en una prospección del asentamiento minero de Pino del Oro.
La dominación árabe
La presencia árabe fue notoria en los arribes. Existe un tramo de cercas árabes del siglo X junto a la Ermita de la Santa en Aldeadávila así como otros vestigios junto a la ermita de Nuestra Señora del Castillo en Pereña de la Ribera. Sobre todo se conservan numerosas leyendas de vírgenes, tesoros, fortalezas y acoso a doncellas.
Reconquista e integración en el Reino de León
La época clave para la organización demográfica del territorio de Arribes, se da en la Alta Edad Media, cuando se emprende la conquista y repoblación de la zona por parte de los monarcas del Reino de León, reino que surge a partir del Reino de Asturias de Don Pelayo y del que luego se subdividirían y/o desgajarían el Condado de Castilla, el Reino de Galicia y el Reino de Portugal. La repoblación planteó una disposición muy distinta de la actual, basando su desarrollo en el modelo repoblador gallego, que consistía en disponer muchas aldeas de pequeño tamaño y muy próximas entre sí, esquema que a la larga hizo insostenibles a muchas de ellas. En una primera fase bajo el reinado de Ramiro II de León fueron repobladas algunas localidades del entorno como Guadramiro, Ledesma o Peñausende. Sin embargo fueron las posteriores repoblaciones, que vinieron de la mano de los reyes Alfonso VI y Fernando II de León, las que crearon la mayor parte de las localidades actuales.9495 En los pueblos se asentarían en su mayoría colonos asturianos y leoneses aunque también gallegos y castellanos, que trajeron consigo su cultura e idiosincrasia.
La ermita de Nuestra Señora del Castillo, en Fariza, está enclavada sobre un castro con ocupación en época prerromana, romana y medieval.
Según algunos autores, la toponimia nos daría una idea del lugar de origen de éstos, entre los ejemplos castellanos se encontrarían los pueblos de Aldeadávila o Corporario mientras que entre los ejemplos asturleoneses se encontrarían por ejemplo una serie de localidades con nombre de árboles, plantas o frutos en lengua asturleonesa, entre los que figurarían Almendra, Ahigal de los Aceiteros, bautizado «la figal» haciendo alusión a «la higuera», Cerezal de Peñahorcada, cuyo nombre evolucionó de «zrezal», que significa «cerezo», Moral de Sayago o Moralina, referenciando a la morus nigra, o La Zarza de Pumareda, donde «pumareda» significa «campo de manzanos», Gamones o Torregamones que tendría su origen en la presencia de asfódelos o gamones, entre otros. Entre los movimientos más notables de Fernando II de León en la zona fueron la creación del señorío de Barruecopardo en 1177 o la cesión de la gestión de El Abadengo a la Orden de los Templarios, mientras que entre los de su sucesor, Alfonso IX de León, estarían la concesión de carta foral a Fermoselle en 1221. Además, localidades como Saucelle, Saldeana, Barruecopardo, Vilvestre y Cerezal fueron cedidas a la encomienda de Peñausende de la Orden de Santiago.
Con la muerte de Alfonso IX de León en 1230, su hijo Fernando III el Santo, quien ya era rey de Castilla, hereda el Reino de León, pero mantiene sus propias estructuras durante la Edad Moderna, conservando tanto sus instituciones como sus características de organización territorial, lo que se reflejará en la cartografía de los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII.
Edad Moderna
Claustro del convento de San Francisco, en Fermoselle, actual casa del parque natural de Arribes del Duero en la provincia de Zamora. La llegada de los franciscanos en 1740 fue de gran ayuda para el municipio por la atención espiritual, el socorro material y por crear una escuela de gramática para niños.
A partir del siglo XV, con la reducción de los concejos que tenían derecho a voto en las Cortes de Castilla y León, se empieza a configurar el espacio provincial que separará esta zona en las provincias de Zamora y Salamanca. De este modo, las localidades que hasta entonces dependían de los concejos de Ledesma y Ciudad Rodrigo para el voto en Cortes, pasaron a hacerlo del de Salamanca. Las provincias que se crean para las Cortes de Castilla y León de 1425 hacen frontera en esta zona sobre la base de los límites eclesiásticos que establecieron los monarcas leoneses en la Alta Edad Media al instaurar las diócesis de Zamora y Salamanca, con el río Tormes como frontera entre ambas. El área zamorana de los arribes quedó encuadrada dentro de dicha provincia en el partido de Sayago, mientras que la parte salmantina lo hizo en torno a los partidos de Ledesma al norte y Ciudad Rodrigo al sur. En todo caso, aunque separadas en dos provincias diferentes, las dos partes de las arribes, zamorana y salmantina, siguieron compartiendo una misma pertenencia a la región leonesa.
Edad Contemporánea
La división territorial de España de 1833 reafirmó la división del territorio de Arribes en dos provincias. Las localidades situadas al norte del Tormes quedaron encuadradas definitivamente en la provincia de Zamora mientras que las situadas al sur se recogieron en la provincia de Salamanca, formando parte las dos, junto con la provincia de León, de la Región Leonesa, región de carácter meramente clasificatorio, sin operatividad administrativa, que a grandes rasgos vendría a recoger la antigua demarcación del Reino de León (sin Galicia ni Asturias ni Extremadura).
En 1935 se pone en funcionamiento el primer proyecto hidroeléctrico de la zona, el Salto de Ricobayo, y en 1970 se inaugura el Salto de Villarino. Se termina así la planificación de los Saltos del Duero, un conjunto de presas y embalses que cuenta además con el Salto de Villalcampo (1949), el Salto de Castro (1946), el Salto de Saucelle (1956) y el Salto de Aldeadávila (1963).
El 10 de mayo de 1991 mediante la Ley 8/1991, de Espacios Naturales de la Comunidad de Castilla y León, que recoge y protege legalmente una serie de espacios y lugares naturales entre los que se encuentra el denominado como Arribes del Duero. El 30 de abril de 1992, se inicia el Plan de Ordenación de los Recursos Naturales, plan que se aprueba posteriormente el 7 de junio de 2001, mediante el Decreto 164/2001, para finalmente, mediante la Ley 5/2002, de 11 de abril, procederse a la declaración del mismo como parque natural.
Demografía
En 2010, la población total de los términos municipales incluidos (total o parcialmente) en la demarcación del parque, era de 16.514 habitantes (INE 2010), mientras que en el año 2000, era de 19.718 habitantes (INE 2000). Desde los años 60 se da una evolución continuamente negativa en el número de habitantes de la zona y es que los jóvenes emigran hacia las ciudades en busca del empleo que en los arribes no encuentran. Como consecuencia de esto apenas se produce relevo generacional, la mayoría de los habitantes que quedan son jubilados.
A classic “stellar dendrite” snowflake – always a crowd-pleaser! But the real treasure here isn’t the snowflake itself, but the camera gear used to photograph it. This was shot with a Micro Four Thirds camera and a standard macro lens. Nothing exotic, nothing extreme; camera gear you may already have!
I often push the limits of what cameras can capture, right up to the resolving limits introduced through diffraction. At a certain point, no matter how expensive or advanced your camera equipment, you can go no further. However, such equipment can be intimidating to people that want to casually explore a subject. For this snowflake, I used the Lumix GX9 and the Leica 45mm F/2.8 macro lens. The Panasonic 30mm macro or the Olympus 60mm macro would have had comparable results. The Lumix GX9 is an excellent tiny travel camera!
I’ve long suggested that the Micro Four Thirds system is great for macro photography, as you have a perceived magnification increase when you compare the field of view of cameras with larger full-frame sensors. A 1:1 macro lens on full-frame camera would “feel” like a 2:1 (2x) macro lens at the closest focusing distance – which is a huge advantage for subjects like snowflakes. Ideally, you’d want to have at least 2x-3x magnification with larger sensors, sometimes much more than this.
The Leica 45mm macro (Panasonic Leica DG Macro-Elmarit 45mm f/2.8 ASPH. MEGA O.I.S. Lens) is a very decent macro lens that I happen to have had handy at the time of this shooting. However, if there was a lens I’d recommend people buy for snowflake photography on the m4/3 platform, hands down it’s the Laowa 50mm F/2.8 macro: www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/1585695-REG/venus_optics_v... . Less expensive than most macro lenses, good quality glass, manual focus only but with the ability to shoot 2:1 magnification, you can get the equivalent of 4x on larger sensors. Perfect for snowflakes!
The photos are not just taken with a camera and a lens, but also a ring flash. The best on the market is also far from the most expensive. I always use the Yongnuo YN-14EX II: www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/1462725-REG/yongnuo_yn_14e... . It’s designed to work with Canon TTL, but I just use it on my Lumix cameras in manual mode. Works perfectly that way (though they also make a native Sony version, manual exposure is ideal for snowflakes).
Are there some limitations? Sure. The GX9 as a small buffer, so only a few dozen images can be captured before you have to wait a while. The resolution of the camera is only 20MP, but for most of my career that was the range I was completely comfortable with. I would argue that there is also an advantage in having a larger camera body for certain subjects, as the extra heft can aid in stability. But the question is: can you photograph a snowflake with extreme detail with a smaller “every-day” camera setup? Yes.
eBook: Macro Photography – The Universe at Our Feet: skycrystals.ca/product/pre-order-ebook-edition-macro-phot... (fully instructive on all things macro, including how to photograph snowflakes)
Buy Me a Coffee: www.buymeacoffee.com/donkomphoto
Platypod Exclusive DonKom Macro Studio Bundle: www.platypod.com/products/don-kom-macro-bundle
1. Taking pictures a tool (camera), not a photographer.
2. The choice of tool limits the possibilities.
3. Experience allows him (instrument) less and less to limit their capabilities.
4. The ability to see is given only when the observer allows ...
5. The moment of observation is the real find ...
6. Training and mastering it defies. Training leads to poor imitations of the original.
7. Often the result should ripen, like wine. Although time is the understanding of the mind, therefore it is very speculative.
8. The meaning of all this is the process!
9. Let it be!
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In my opinion, photography is the only true instrument of the present HISTORY. When I see such moments of life, I understand that after many years, those who see this will instantly feel this moment! And no other audio-visual sources can instill something else ...
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Paris (Prononciation française: [pɑʁi] (écouter), localement [paʁi]) est la ville capitale et la plus populeuse de France. Il a une superficie de 105 kilomètres carrés (41 miles carrés) et une population de 2 229 621 en 2013 dans ses limites administratives. [3] La ville est à la fois une commune et un département et constitue le centre et le siège de l'Île-de-France ou de la Région Parisienne, qui compte une superficie de 12 012 kilomètres carrés (4 638 miles carrés) et une population en 2016 de 12 142 802, comprenant environ 18 Pour cent de la population de la France. [4] Au 17ème siècle, Paris était l'un des principaux centres européens de finance, commerce, mode, science et arts, et il conserve cette position encore aujourd'hui. La Région parisienne avait un PIB de 624 milliards d'euros (687 milliards de dollars) en 2012, représentant 30,0% du PIB de la France et le classant comme l'une des régions les plus riches d'Europe.
La ville de Paris n'est que le noyau d'une zone bâtie qui dépasse largement ses limites administratives. Communément appelée agglomération parisienne, et statistiquement comme unité urbaine (une mesure de la zone urbaine), l'agglomération a une population 2013 de 10 601 122, ce qui en fait la plus importante de l'Union européenne. [5] L'activité de banlieue influencée par la ville atteint bien au-delà de cela dans une aire statistique urbaine de Paris (une mesure de la zone métropolitaine), qui avait une population 2013 de 12 405 426, [6] un cinquième cinquième de la population de la France [7] et qui fait, après Londres, la deuxième plus grande région métropolitaine de l'Union européenne. Bien que lié à un seul tissu urbain, le manque de cohésion administrative et économique de Paris avec sa banlieue a été un problème de longue date, mais une initiative économique et environnementale de la métropole du Grand Paris de 2016 [8] couvrant 814 kilomètres carrés (314 milles carrés ) et une population de 7 millions, existe depuis 2016. [9]
La ville est également un important centre ferroviaire, routier et aérien desservi par deux aéroports internationaux: Paris-Charles de Gaulle (le deuxième aéroport le plus achalandé d'Europe après l'aéroport de Londres Heathrow avec 63,8 millions de passagers en 2014) et Paris-Orly. Ouvert en 1900, le métro de la ville, le Métro de Paris, dessert quotidiennement 5,23 millions de passagers. [10] C'est le deuxième métro le plus achalandé d'Europe après le métro de Moscou. Notamment, Paris Gare du Nord est la gare la plus achalandée du monde à l'extérieur du Japon, avec 262 millions de passagers en 2015. [11]
Paris possède de nombreuses institutions culturelles importantes: son musée du Louvre est le plus visité au monde; Son Musée d'Orsay est connu pour sa collection d'art impressionniste français et son musée Pompidou-Centre National d'Art Moderne possède la plus grande collection d'art moderne et contemporain en Europe. La zone centrale de la ville le long de la Seine est classée au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO et comprend de nombreux monuments remarquables, dont la cathédrale Notre-Dame, la Sainte-Chapelle, l'ancienne Exposition universelle Grand Palais, le Petit Palais et la Tour Eiffel et la Basilique de Sacré-Cœur à Montmartre. En 2015, Paris a reçu 22,2 millions de visiteurs, ce qui en fait l'une des destinations touristiques les plus importantes au monde.
...judging by the four axle quartet on the point of this hotshot. For Warbonnet Wednesday, we have Santa Fe 517 and friends westbound at the east end of Lubbock with what is likely an HOBA well in hand slowing to navigate Restricted Limits through the "Hub City." This end of town is dominated by cotton warehouses, as the water tower suggests and despite the city's size and importance, it's wasn't a crew change until recently. This crew is just getting started with their trip to Clovis, having boarded the train in nearby Slaton. Flashing forward to today, you're most likely to find the likes of the first two units, a Dash 8-40BW and a GP60M, in local or roadswitcher service. Good luck finding a cabless GP60B like the third unit and the fourth unit, a standard cab Dash 8-40B is probably in a deadline somewhere. Someone probably has a roster closer at hand than I do, so in full disclosure, the fourth unit may have been disposed of by now. Anyhoo, this recalls those heady days of yore when high-horsepower four-motor units were the steeds of choice for intermodal traffic because theoretically, they accelerate faster. With that 500 as a leader, two thoughts come to mind: 1) I'm not to sure I've ever seen a GE spool up quickly, and 2) Todays GE ES44C4's are supposed to accelerate faster since they have four traction motors spread over six axles. On that point, I'll refer you back to the first thought. Gotta admit though, regardless of their relative merit, four axle units sure looked good in this application.
The Mackinac Bridge (26,372-foot / 8,038 m) opened in 1957. It connects the Upper (city of St. Ignace) and Lower peninsula (mackinac city) of the U.S. state of Michigan. It also represent the limit between Lakes Michigan and Huron, components of the Great Lakes.
The Long Road to My Photo at the Tre Cime di Lavaredo
Now comes a long story about how this photo came to be.
One and a half years ago, the idea was born. When I once again happened to see this extraordinary landscape – the Tre Cime di Lavaredo – in a documentary about the Dolomites, I was spellbound. Since my passion has always been night photography, it quickly became clear: this was the place where I wanted to capture the Milky Way. Although I had been doing deep-sky photography for more than ten years, I had never photographed the Milky Way itself. This would mark the beginning of a new passion.
At such a breathtaking location, I didn’t want to simply “take a picture” – my goal was far more ambitious: to create one of the finest Milky Way photographs to be found anywhere in the world. Admittedly, not a modest ambition… but once you stand before this scenery, you instantly understand why someone suddenly feels the urge to reach for the stars.
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Planning and Technology
So the planning began. I needed a highly precise yet mobile and lightweight star tracker. It quickly became clear: with stacking and only 8-second exposures – meaning without tracking – combined with extremely high ISO values, I would never reach the image quality I was aiming for.
So I practiced again and again with the tracker under the light-polluted skies of my hometown: how does it react to wind? What happens with high humidity, thin clouds, or turbulence in the upper atmosphere? Every small disturbance worsens the “seeing,” and it takes a lot of experience to master these pitfalls.
Even calibrating the tracker has to be extremely precise. I measure my tripod digitally in steps of 0.1 degrees to ensure it is perfectly level – the more exact, the longer you can track. Of course, there are superb mounts available, but they are anything but portable. You don’t carry a 20-kilogram block in your backpack up to 2,600 meters on a night hike, together with all the other gear.
And then, of course, you need the brightest and sharpest lenses available. At night, every fraction of a stop counts – daylight photography is far more forgiving.
In general: the less artificial light, the clearer and more majestic the Milky Way appears. For deep-sky astrophotography, there are special filters that block man-made light pollution (for example, from cities). But the Milky Way is something entirely different: it shines across the full spectrum – from deep red to violet-blue. No filter trick works here. Any filter would also block starlight. In other words: the only “trick” is no trick at all – you simply need the darkest, most pristine skies possible.
In Europe, you can only find such conditions in a handful of places: the Dolomites, Großglockner, or La Palma (Canary Islands) – the best you can get by European standards. There are a few more, but the weather there is so unpredictable that your chances of success are even lower. The ideal is high altitude with dry, crystal-clear air.
If you want to go even further, travel to Namibia. There you’ll experience one of the most spectacular night skies anywhere: no weather problems, almost every night is perfect. The catch? Malaria. Which means daily prophylaxis with all its side effects. There’s always something, isn’t there?
If you want to get a sense yourself: on lightpollutionmap.info you can view worldwide light pollution interactively. Just one glance shows how rare truly dark places on our planet have become.
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Milky Way Time Window
In Europe, the Milky Way can only be photographed between April and the end of August during new moon. But especially in June and July, the nights are too short and too bright – it never gets completely dark at our latitude. Effectively, there are only about three months, with a small time window of just a few days around each new moon. If the weather doesn’t cooperate, you wait until the next month.
In summer, you can look towards the center of our galaxy and see the striking dust and nebula bands. In winter, however, you’re looking “outward” into the universe – without those spectacular structures. The season is extremely short, and the chance of a cloudless sky in the Dolomites is less than 30%. The weather often remains stable for only 3–4 hours before changing – a true lottery.
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Tre Cime: A Dream Location with Obstacles
Even during the day, at around 2,500 meters, it is breathtakingly beautiful – wherever you look, a picture-book landscape opens up. And then, right before you, the Tre Cime rise: massive rock walls soaring almost 500 meters straight up, touching the 3,000-meter mark.
But getting there is no longer so simple: you need a reservation and a ticket. Your license plate is checked already down in the valley.
The tickets are strictly limited. For our campervan, 12 hours cost €60. But the probability of stable, cloud-free weather up there is less than 30% – with just one ticket, my project would have been impossible. So I booked 6 time slots of 12 hours each, back-to-back.
Not so easy: the tickets have to connect seamlessly, with only a handful of vehicles allowed per hour. If one slot ends at, say, 4 p.m. and the next one is fully booked, you’re simply out of luck. Getting even one slot is difficult – arranging six in a row is almost impossible. And at the barrier in the valley, there is zero tolerance: even a second late at exit, and the fine is guaranteed.
For the booking itself, you get just five minutes – starting the moment you open the system, not with your final click. From finding matching slots to entering credit card details, personal data, and vehicle info, the countdown runs relentlessly. Everything that could be complicated, is complicated – as if the Dolomites didn’t already present enough natural challenges.
And as if that weren’t enough, you can only buy six tickets per month – now reduced to five.
Going up spontaneously? Forget it. Even if a slot were free, you must book digitally at least 24 hours in advance. On site or the same day? Impossible, not allowed. If you think you can just go with the weather – no chance. Here, bureaucracy rules over nature.
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Arrival and First Setbacks
One and a half years later, the time finally came. Before the drive up, we prepared our campervan: fridge filled, toilet emptied, all batteries charged – for camera, smartphone, star tracker, heating bands against dew, and countless lamps. We were ready to last three days and nights up there.
But even if you arrive early at the barrier full of anticipation, you won’t be let in – the gates only open at the exact booked time. Then it was up in second gear, carefully winding through the serpentines. Now and then the front wheels slipped on the wet asphalt – a clear sign of just how steep it was. A motorhome weighing over four tons and 7.5 meters long is no off-roader. But at the top, on one of the highest campsites in Europe, everything was set.
Only problem: the fridge decided that at 2,500 meters it was no longer its job – even though we had filled it to the brim beforehand. Absorption fridges in RVs simply don’t work reliably on gas at this altitude. Another hard-learned lesson. Result: half of our food ended up in the trash.
The first two days: rain, wind, dense fog, temperatures around 4°C. Thanks to the heater in the camper, at least the cold was bearable – but photographically, a frustration. On the last day, though, everything changed: sunshine, clear views, amazing mood. Could it finally work out?
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The Night of the Shoot
The hike with a backpack weighing over 12 kilos was tougher than expected – the thin air made itself felt.
That night, countless shots were taken. Many tracked 6-minute exposures of the Milky Way, which I later stacked to further improve the signal-to-noise ratio – a trick to achieve more quality than the sensor alone could deliver. I also captured the landscape separately – since with tracked stars, the foreground would blur.
And here came the next challenge: Milky Way photos require new moon and absolute darkness. Landscapes, however, look flat and monochromatic under such conditions, whereas full moon would provide plastic light. The solution: capture the landscape during blue hour or light it deliberately.
For that, I had a special lamp built – custom-made down to the last detail. I even chose the exact LED type myself, tailored precisely to my requirements for color temperature and light quality. 99% of ordinary flashlights are useless for high-quality photography: the light is usually far too cold, or the CRI index (color rendering) is too poor.
My lamp also has a zoom: the beam can be focused extremely tightly – up to 1.5 kilometers – or spread wide and soft, depending on what’s needed for light painting.
And the surprising part: from manufacturers like Convoy Flashlight in China, you can get such customized lamps for under €30. In Germany, such a service would hardly exist – and if it did, the price would make you swallow hard.
So I created exposures of up to 15 minutes while painting the rocks with light. Sometimes the right side turned out better, sometimes the left. A single perfect shot is impossible.
And then there are the famous headlamp trails – little light streaks from hikers that often give an image that extra something. The problem: at night, hardly anyone is up there. And if they are, it’s guaranteed not at the exact moment you’d need them in frame. Paradoxical, isn’t it? You want them desperately – but almost never get them when you need them. So the only option is to collect separate exposures whenever someone happens to pass.
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The Puzzle
By the end of the night, I had about 30 shots in the bag – and darkness gave way to morning. Among them: long exposures with light painting, shots with headlamp trails, many tracked Milky Way frames, and landscapes from blue hour to deep night.
That was my raw material, my toolkit. Later I selected the best elements and merged them into a single image – like a painter who first collects sketches and then fuses them into a finished work of art.
This is the supreme discipline of photography: absolutely no fake, but impossible to achieve in a single exposure. Each frame had to be carefully developed – matching white balance and color temperatures, adjusting brightness and contrast, reducing noise, enhancing details. Sometimes the foreground stone looked better illuminated on the left, sometimes on the right. Everything had to be precisely assembled, layer by layer.
In the end, the Photoshop file grew to over a hundred layers and more than 60 gigabytes. Every little adjustment had to be carefully considered, since each change affected the entire image. The greatest challenge: blending all these different exposures into a seamless whole, without visible transitions, without an artificial impression.
To outsiders, the finished photo may look obvious – as if you had simply stood there and captured that exact moment. In reality, it meant days of work, hours of meticulous corrections, and an enormous amount of patience and technical precision.
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Conclusion
Moments like these stay with you for a lifetime. Not just the photo itself, but the entire journey: the long preparation, the struggles, the setbacks, and finally, the success.
It’s also important to me to show with such texts that photography is not just a click. It’s an adventure – a battle with nature, technology, and yourself. Again and again, I try to surpass my previous limits. Each step makes it harder – but when it works, the moments of joy are unforgettable.
And for those who know me – of course, the next ideas are already in preparation.
Enjoy the view!
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Making of – did you know?
With night photography something curious happens: when viewed in daylight or against a bright background, the deepest shadows often “stick together,” making the landscape look darker than it really is.
The trick is not to leave black at absolute zero, but to raise it ever so slightly – the sweet spot is around 2–3 out of 255 brightness levels. This way, fine structures remain visible even in bright surroundings.
It’s the same little secret used by film and streaming studios to keep images stable across every kind of screen.
As you can see – nothing here is left to chance.
Scientific Sweet Spot for Night Photos
To balance depth and readability across all devices, researchers and industry standards recommend placing the darkest tones in a narrow “sweet spot.” My photo was fine-tuned exactly to these values:
Percentile (how many pixels are darker)Recommended rangeScientific midpointMy photo
5% darkest pixels2–3 / 255~2.5 / 2553
25% darkest pixels6–10 / 255~8 / 2558
Median (50% of all pixels)12–20 / 255~16 / 25515–16
How to read this:
The percentile tells you what fraction of pixels are darker than a certain brightness.
Example: “5% darkest pixels = 3” means the very darkest areas are not pitch black, but lifted just enough to remain visible.
The goal: sit right at the scientific midpoint, so the photo works equally well on OLED at night and on laptops or phones in bright daylight.
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🔧 Technical Information
📷 Camera: Sony Alpha 7R V
🔭 Lens: Sony FE 14 mm f/1.8 GM
🗻 Mount: Benro Cyanbird Carbon Tripod + Benro Polaris Astro Tracker
🌌 Sky: stack of 10 tracked exposures
️ Foreground: composite of 20 exposures (blue hour, light painting, headlamp trails, deep night phases)
⏱️ Exposure time per frame:
– Sky: ISO 320, f/1.8, 6 minutes each
– Foreground: ISO 100, f/2.8, from a few minutes (blue hour) up to 20 minutes
🕒 Total exposure time: approx. 6 hours combined
📍 Location: Tre Cime di Lavaredo (Drei Zinnen, 2,999 m), Dolomites, Italy
After 8 hours of work on Photoshop and photography I finally finished one of my newest and favorite photos! Just about everything had to be shot separately (Chiefs left arm, the helmet, Assault Rifle, all blended in photos!). Since I'm not the greatest painter, the shoulder gear and blue team marks where added in during the editing process. Of course, I've got to thank Pedro for his wonderful gift of Master Chief as he is surely getting use! My love to Halo 4 has no limit, so expect more pain-staking photos (and videos, hint hint) to come!
Please, share this! (I'd love for this get in the next Halo Waypoint Post!)
Numa paisagem de enormes penhascos, encontra-se a "Garganta do rio Olo", queda de água com 100 metros de altura, integrada no Parque Natural do Alvão. O acesso faz-se pela aldeia de Ermelo. Do Alto do Fojo, avista-se um belo panorama das Fisgas de Ermelo, de onde o rio Olo se despenha.
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Mondim de Basto é um município português pertencente ao Distrito de Vila Real, região Norte. É um município com 171,87 km² de área, subdividido em 8 freguesias. O município é limitado a nordeste pelo município de Ribeira de Pena, a sueste por Vila Real, a sudoeste por Amarante, a oeste por Celorico de Basto e a noroeste por Cabeceiras de Basto.
Vila e sede de concelho, Mondim de Basto repousa numa chã fértil na margem esquerda do rio Tâmega e no sopé da grandiosa pirâmide verde do Monte Farinha, coroado pela ermida da Senhora da Graça.
in WikiPedia
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Copyright © 2009 - 2013 Nuno Gomes all rights reserved.
All my images are protected under international author’s copyright laws and you may NOT! print, download, reproduce, copy, transmit, manipulate or edit any of my images without my prior written permission.
Please don't post your own images within my Photostream.
I consider this rude and unwelcome.
__________________________________________________
Trying out the limits of an old Nikkor 24mm f2.8 AiS
Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission. ©2017 John Baker. All rights reserved.
Last one from the recent shoot with Adeline.
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Dernière image extraite d'une séance récente avec Adeline.
Parce qu'on n'a pas fait que de la lumière naturelle (quand même ! ;)).
Nous avions décidé en préparant cette séance de viser des images simples, épurées et en essayant de ce concentrer un peu sur la pose, les expressions, le regard... Bref, tout ce qui n'était pas la stylisme, le décors, le maquillage, et tout ce qui fait qu'on ne voit plus la personne sur une photo mais plutôt ce qui l'entoure. C'est souvent ce que je propose de faire comme première séance aux personnes avec qui ne n'ai jamais travaillé. L'inconvénient est bien sûr que c'est un exercice plutôt difficile en général, et d'autant plus si on n'est pas très à l'aise ce qui est parfois le cas lors d'une première séance. Mais l'avantage c'est qu'avec peu de choses, on peut obtenir des photos très intéressantes, toujours différentes puisque c'est plus les personnalités qui influent la photo. Et même si, comme je viens de le souligner, pour une première séance ça peut paraître un peu "casse-gueule", c'est aussi très souvent dans la tension et l'incertitude de ce genre de première séance qu'on obtient les choses les plus intéressantes, les meilleures expressions, les idées originales, etc... Bref, mon avis c'est que ça vaut le coup d'être fait, et surtout si, comme c'est le cas dans mes séances se déroulant ainsi, on n'a rien à perdre. :)
Adeline était vraiment hyper agréable en tout cas, et elle avait apporté pas mal de très belles choses niveau stylisme. Des trucs simples, mais beaux (tout ce que j'adore mais vraiment pas le plus facile à trouver). Le choix final de photos ne reflète pas bien tout ça mais bon, c'est le jeu comme on dit.
Sur cette photo en particulier, je suis content du rendu final, très épuré, et où la seule chose qui me parait intéressante dans la photo est son regard, son expression (qui est remarquablement forte et qui fait tout l'intérêt de la photo). C'est tout ce que je visais, mais ça n'est pas forcément facile à atteindre.
Niveau lumière, on a fait du fond gris avec une source (presque uniquement, juste parfois un réflecteur en plus, et sur de rares images de la séance, une autre source secondaire), un peu de fond gris en lumière naturelle (porte-fenêtre) et une peu de lumière naturelle dans un cadre un tout petit peu moins "neutre" au salon avec un tapis de corde et deux canapés. En post-prod, très peu de retouches, je suis de plus en plus partisan du moindre effort (et je manque cruellement de temps) ! Du coup je limite de plus en plus le temps passé à retoucher et j'essaye de me contenter d'ajustements globaux ou semi-globaux. Et puis... ça va très bien dans une tendance plus simple, plus vraie, plus réelle... que j'affectionne de plus en plus.
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Strobist:
- 1 Profoto B1 Air500 in Profoto Rfi 3' octabox @ approx. 7/10 right and up.
Canon EOS 5DmkII with EF 50mm f/1.4 @ 1/200th sec; f/8; iso100.
Red spider mites fighting in a territorial dispute ☺️
Today I was watching some red spider mites in the sun and they are quite fascinating. There are some with long front legs and flatter bodies and others with short legs and more rounded bodies - not sure if these are male and female, juvenile and adult or different species even. The ones with the long front legs appear to patrol a 'territory' and any other mite with similar long front legs that enters that territory is challenged in a fight; the ones with short front legs and round bodies that enter the territory are ignored. These things are really small, probably about 1mm long, and surprisingly fast, so I had to get inventive with some extension tubes and a reversed macro lens to get the magnification needed which is now somewhere about 3:1 - macro is anything of 1:1 or greater so this is approaching the limits of what is possible in the field. The images have been cropped for framing and to provide further 'magnification'.
You'll note that the mites have 8 legs not 6 so are not insects but are arachnids, related to spiders, ticks and scorpions.
For Steam Sunday here's another from what was unquestionably the longest train chase of my life...well over 500 miles from DeQuincy, Louisiana to the Mexican border at Laredo, Texas (though not in one day)!
This is Canadian Pacific 2816, the famed 'Empress', an H1b class 4-6-4 Hudson built by Montreal Locomotive Works in 1930. Orignally retired in 1960 after there decades of pulling CP passenger trains the locomotive was purchased by F. Nelson Blount for preservation as part of his Steamtown collection in Vermont. It later moved with the rest of the collection to Scranton until CP purchased it back from the National Park Service in 1998. Returned to service in 2001 she operated until 2012 when E. Hunter Harrison took the reigns at CP. Eight years later Keith Creel (EHH's successor) reversed course and she was fired up for a test run and then a second restoration began which was completed in 2023.
As a way of celebrating the approval and consummation of the Canadian Pacific and Kansas City Southern Railway merger on April 14, 2023 CPKC is running a tri nation tour across the length of their newly combined network. The trip began in Calgary on April 24th and concluded in Mexico City on June 7th before returning home for a total of three months on the road and 9000 miles round trip!
Here she is paused for a service stop in a strange land far from her historic home rails operating across Union Pacific trackage rights on modern day UP's Houston Sub the former Southern Pacific (T&NO) Sunset Route mainline. She is sitting just east of the Van Hut Lane crossing at about MP 350.8 near the eastern city limits and will soon be on the move toward Englewood Yard and through downtown on her way to Sugarland, Rosenburg and ultimately home rails in Kendleton where she'll rest for a couple nights.
Unincorporated Houmont Park
Harris County, Texas
Saturday May 25, 2024
Les vautours, nettoyeurs de la montagne, à la limite de l'extinction dans les années soixante, ils sont revenus à des effectifs en équilibre dans la vallée d'Ossau dans les pyrénées. Oiseaux nécrophages, ils sont les alliés des éleveurs en éliminant les carcasses d'animaux morts en montagne; une solution naturelle rapide et gratuite, évitant toute dispersion de germes et de maladies.
C'est la technique 'fouilleur- tireur' propre à ces charognards, ils consomment toutes les parties molles à l'intérieur de la carcasse, le reste du cadavre devrait être consommé par d'autres charognards comme le gypaète qui peut même consommer les os après les avoir cassés en les laissant tomber d'une grande hauteur.
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Fort Lauderdale is a city in the U.S. state of Florida, 28 miles (45 km) north of Miami. It is the county seat of Broward County. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 165,521. It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census.
The city is a popular tourist destination, with an average year-round temperature of 75.5 °F (24.2 °C) and 3,000 hours of sunshine per year. Greater Fort Lauderdale which takes in all of Broward County hosted 12 million visitors in 2012, including 2.8 million international visitors. The city and county in 2012 collected $43.9 million from the 5% hotel tax it charges, after hotels in the area recorded an occupancy rate for the year of 72.7 percent and an average daily rate of $114.48. The district has 561 hotels and motels comprising nearly 35,000 rooms. Forty-six cruise ships sailed from Port Everglades in 2012. Greater Fort Lauderdale has over 4,000 restaurants, 63 golf courses, 12 shopping malls, 16 museums, 132 nightclubs, 278 parkland campsites, and 100 marinas housing 45,000 resident yachts.
Fort Lauderdale is named after a series of forts built by the United States during the Second Seminole War. The forts took their name from Major William Lauderdale (1782–1838), younger brother of Lieutenant Colonel James Lauderdale. William Lauderdale was the commander of the detachment of soldiers who built the first fort. However, development of the city did not begin until 50 years after the forts were abandoned at the end of the conflict. Three forts named "Fort Lauderdale" were constructed; the first was at the fork of the New River, the second at Tarpon Bend on the New River between the Colee Hammock and Rio Vista neighborhoods, and the third near the site of the Bahia Mar Marina.
The area in which the city of Fort Lauderdale would later be founded was inhabited for more than two thousand years by the Tequesta Indians. Contact with Spanish explorers in the 16th century proved disastrous for the Tequesta, as the Europeans unwittingly brought with them diseases, such as smallpox, to which the native populations possessed no resistance. For the Tequesta, disease, coupled with continuing conflict with their Calusa neighbors, contributed greatly to their decline over the next two centuries. By 1763, there were only a few Tequesta left in Florida, and most of them were evacuated to Cuba when the Spanish ceded Florida to the British in 1763, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1763), which ended the Seven Years' War. Although control of the area changed between Spain, United Kingdom, the United States, and the Confederate States of America, it remained largely undeveloped until the 20th century.
The Fort Lauderdale area was known as the "New River Settlement" before the 20th century. In the 1830s there were approximately 70 settlers living along the New River. William Cooley, the local Justice of the Peace, was a farmer and wrecker, who traded with the Seminole Indians. On January 6, 1836, while Cooley was leading an attempt to salvage a wrecked ship, a band of Seminoles attacked his farm, killing his wife and children, and the children's tutor. The other farms in the settlement were not attacked, but all the white residents in the area abandoned the settlement, fleeing first to the Cape Florida Lighthouse on Key Biscayne, and then to Key West.
The first United States stockade named Fort Lauderdale was built in 1838, and subsequently was a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. The fort was abandoned in 1842, after the end of the war, and the area remained virtually unpopulated until the 1890s. It was not until Frank Stranahan arrived in the area in 1893 to operate a ferry across the New River, and the Florida East Coast Railroad's completion of a route through the area in 1896, that any organized development began. The city was incorporated in 1911, and in 1915 was designated the county seat of newly formed Broward County.
Fort Lauderdale's first major development began in the 1920s, during the Florida land boom of the 1920s. The 1926 Miami Hurricane and the Great Depression of the 1930s caused a great deal of economic dislocation. In July 1935, an African-American man named Rubin Stacy was accused of robbing a white woman at knife point. He was arrested and being transported to a Miami jail when police were run off the road by a mob. A group of 100 white men proceeded to hang Stacy from a tree near the scene of his alleged robbery. His body was riddled with some twenty bullets. The murder was subsequently used by the press in Nazi Germany to discredit US critiques of its own persecution of Jews, Communists, and Catholics.
When World War II began, Fort Lauderdale became a major US base, with a Naval Air Station to train pilots, radar operators, and fire control operators. A Coast Guard base at Port Everglades was also established.
On July 4, 1961, African Americans started a series of protests, wade-ins, at beaches that were off-limits to them, to protest "the failure of the county to build a road to the Negro beach". On July 11, 1962, a verdict by Ted Cabot went against the city's policy of racial segregation of public beaches.
Today, Fort Lauderdale is a major yachting center, one of the nation's largest tourist destinations, and the center of a metropolitan division with 1.8 million people.
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
Almost exactly 32 years ago, I passed through this CPR branchline division point, where tracks from four directions brought the grain products of southern Saskatchewan to this yard. I just passed through Assiniboia on my way to Montana (again, as in many previous travels) and found all that's here, except maybe some of those grain hoppers, is gone. That GP38 probably survives too. The grain elevator is gone, and the remains of a larger depot is gone. Boxcars no longer serve to haul grain here (and were pretty much on the way out at this time, one of the primary reasons for my pilgrimages Up North, along with occasional Fall movements of livestock.) The Great Western office building was locked up, but I found a couple of guys by the enginehouse who were kind enough to inform me that the one train on the railroad was quite a ways away with the crew approaching its hours-of-service limit. And the M420's are on their last legs, although one or two still ran. The new order was represented by a freshly painted (in the attractive green and white that is worn by the M420's) B39or40-8, and that suited the mechanical guys just fine.
Artículo en Wikipedia: Turza
Tomada a 1.245 m.s.n.m.
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España en fotos ()
Lenguas de Europa ()
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La iglesia de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores es el templo parroquial de Barro, en el concejo asturiano de Llanes, España. En su parte posterior se encuentra su cementerio, que limita con la ría de Barro. Fueron construidos a finales del siglo XVIII.
Dades EXIF: 1/1000s f2.8 ISO100 20mm
DJI Mini2
#llanes #asturias #sunrise #landscapephotography #rogervivephoto @javier_alonso_torre #tallerjavieralonsotorre #djimini2 #djimavicmini #aerialphotography #landscapedroneshots #landscapedrone
1. Taking pictures a tool (camera), not a photographer.
2. The choice of tool limits the possibilities.
3. Experience allows him (instrument) less and less to limit their capabilities.
4. The ability to see is given only when the observer allows ...
5. The moment of observation is the real find ...
6. Training and mastering it defies. Training leads to poor imitations of the original.
7. Often the result should ripen, like wine. Although time is the understanding of the mind, therefore it is very speculative.
8. The meaning of all this is the process!
9. Let it be!
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#FilmOFone
Fort Lauderdale is a city in the U.S. state of Florida, 28 miles (45 km) north of Miami. It is the county seat of Broward County. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 165,521. It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census.
The city is a popular tourist destination, with an average year-round temperature of 75.5 °F (24.2 °C) and 3,000 hours of sunshine per year. Greater Fort Lauderdale which takes in all of Broward County hosted 12 million visitors in 2012, including 2.8 million international visitors. The city and county in 2012 collected $43.9 million from the 5% hotel tax it charges, after hotels in the area recorded an occupancy rate for the year of 72.7 percent and an average daily rate of $114.48. The district has 561 hotels and motels comprising nearly 35,000 rooms. Forty-six cruise ships sailed from Port Everglades in 2012. Greater Fort Lauderdale has over 4,000 restaurants, 63 golf courses, 12 shopping malls, 16 museums, 132 nightclubs, 278 parkland campsites, and 100 marinas housing 45,000 resident yachts.
Fort Lauderdale is named after a series of forts built by the United States during the Second Seminole War. The forts took their name from Major William Lauderdale (1782–1838), younger brother of Lieutenant Colonel James Lauderdale. William Lauderdale was the commander of the detachment of soldiers who built the first fort. However, development of the city did not begin until 50 years after the forts were abandoned at the end of the conflict. Three forts named "Fort Lauderdale" were constructed; the first was at the fork of the New River, the second at Tarpon Bend on the New River between the Colee Hammock and Rio Vista neighborhoods, and the third near the site of the Bahia Mar Marina.
The area in which the city of Fort Lauderdale would later be founded was inhabited for more than two thousand years by the Tequesta Indians. Contact with Spanish explorers in the 16th century proved disastrous for the Tequesta, as the Europeans unwittingly brought with them diseases, such as smallpox, to which the native populations possessed no resistance. For the Tequesta, disease, coupled with continuing conflict with their Calusa neighbors, contributed greatly to their decline over the next two centuries. By 1763, there were only a few Tequesta left in Florida, and most of them were evacuated to Cuba when the Spanish ceded Florida to the British in 1763, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1763), which ended the Seven Years' War. Although control of the area changed between Spain, United Kingdom, the United States, and the Confederate States of America, it remained largely undeveloped until the 20th century.
The Fort Lauderdale area was known as the "New River Settlement" before the 20th century. In the 1830s there were approximately 70 settlers living along the New River. William Cooley, the local Justice of the Peace, was a farmer and wrecker, who traded with the Seminole Indians. On January 6, 1836, while Cooley was leading an attempt to salvage a wrecked ship, a band of Seminoles attacked his farm, killing his wife and children, and the children's tutor. The other farms in the settlement were not attacked, but all the white residents in the area abandoned the settlement, fleeing first to the Cape Florida Lighthouse on Key Biscayne, and then to Key West.
The first United States stockade named Fort Lauderdale was built in 1838, and subsequently was a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. The fort was abandoned in 1842, after the end of the war, and the area remained virtually unpopulated until the 1890s. It was not until Frank Stranahan arrived in the area in 1893 to operate a ferry across the New River, and the Florida East Coast Railroad's completion of a route through the area in 1896, that any organized development began. The city was incorporated in 1911, and in 1915 was designated the county seat of newly formed Broward County.
Fort Lauderdale's first major development began in the 1920s, during the Florida land boom of the 1920s. The 1926 Miami Hurricane and the Great Depression of the 1930s caused a great deal of economic dislocation. In July 1935, an African-American man named Rubin Stacy was accused of robbing a white woman at knife point. He was arrested and being transported to a Miami jail when police were run off the road by a mob. A group of 100 white men proceeded to hang Stacy from a tree near the scene of his alleged robbery. His body was riddled with some twenty bullets. The murder was subsequently used by the press in Nazi Germany to discredit US critiques of its own persecution of Jews, Communists, and Catholics.
When World War II began, Fort Lauderdale became a major US base, with a Naval Air Station to train pilots, radar operators, and fire control operators. A Coast Guard base at Port Everglades was also established.
On July 4, 1961, African Americans started a series of protests, wade-ins, at beaches that were off-limits to them, to protest "the failure of the county to build a road to the Negro beach". On July 11, 1962, a verdict by Ted Cabot went against the city's policy of racial segregation of public beaches.
Today, Fort Lauderdale is a major yachting center, one of the nation's largest tourist destinations, and the center of a metropolitan division with 1.8 million people.
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
Fort Lauderdale is a city in the U.S. state of Florida, 28 miles (45 km) north of Miami. It is the county seat of Broward County. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 165,521. It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census.
The city is a popular tourist destination, with an average year-round temperature of 75.5 °F (24.2 °C) and 3,000 hours of sunshine per year. Greater Fort Lauderdale which takes in all of Broward County hosted 12 million visitors in 2012, including 2.8 million international visitors. The city and county in 2012 collected $43.9 million from the 5% hotel tax it charges, after hotels in the area recorded an occupancy rate for the year of 72.7 percent and an average daily rate of $114.48. The district has 561 hotels and motels comprising nearly 35,000 rooms. Forty-six cruise ships sailed from Port Everglades in 2012. Greater Fort Lauderdale has over 4,000 restaurants, 63 golf courses, 12 shopping malls, 16 museums, 132 nightclubs, 278 parkland campsites, and 100 marinas housing 45,000 resident yachts.
Fort Lauderdale is named after a series of forts built by the United States during the Second Seminole War. The forts took their name from Major William Lauderdale (1782–1838), younger brother of Lieutenant Colonel James Lauderdale. William Lauderdale was the commander of the detachment of soldiers who built the first fort. However, development of the city did not begin until 50 years after the forts were abandoned at the end of the conflict. Three forts named "Fort Lauderdale" were constructed; the first was at the fork of the New River, the second at Tarpon Bend on the New River between the Colee Hammock and Rio Vista neighborhoods, and the third near the site of the Bahia Mar Marina.
The area in which the city of Fort Lauderdale would later be founded was inhabited for more than two thousand years by the Tequesta Indians. Contact with Spanish explorers in the 16th century proved disastrous for the Tequesta, as the Europeans unwittingly brought with them diseases, such as smallpox, to which the native populations possessed no resistance. For the Tequesta, disease, coupled with continuing conflict with their Calusa neighbors, contributed greatly to their decline over the next two centuries. By 1763, there were only a few Tequesta left in Florida, and most of them were evacuated to Cuba when the Spanish ceded Florida to the British in 1763, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1763), which ended the Seven Years' War. Although control of the area changed between Spain, United Kingdom, the United States, and the Confederate States of America, it remained largely undeveloped until the 20th century.
The Fort Lauderdale area was known as the "New River Settlement" before the 20th century. In the 1830s there were approximately 70 settlers living along the New River. William Cooley, the local Justice of the Peace, was a farmer and wrecker, who traded with the Seminole Indians. On January 6, 1836, while Cooley was leading an attempt to salvage a wrecked ship, a band of Seminoles attacked his farm, killing his wife and children, and the children's tutor. The other farms in the settlement were not attacked, but all the white residents in the area abandoned the settlement, fleeing first to the Cape Florida Lighthouse on Key Biscayne, and then to Key West.
The first United States stockade named Fort Lauderdale was built in 1838, and subsequently was a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. The fort was abandoned in 1842, after the end of the war, and the area remained virtually unpopulated until the 1890s. It was not until Frank Stranahan arrived in the area in 1893 to operate a ferry across the New River, and the Florida East Coast Railroad's completion of a route through the area in 1896, that any organized development began. The city was incorporated in 1911, and in 1915 was designated the county seat of newly formed Broward County.
Fort Lauderdale's first major development began in the 1920s, during the Florida land boom of the 1920s. The 1926 Miami Hurricane and the Great Depression of the 1930s caused a great deal of economic dislocation. In July 1935, an African-American man named Rubin Stacy was accused of robbing a white woman at knife point. He was arrested and being transported to a Miami jail when police were run off the road by a mob. A group of 100 white men proceeded to hang Stacy from a tree near the scene of his alleged robbery. His body was riddled with some twenty bullets. The murder was subsequently used by the press in Nazi Germany to discredit US critiques of its own persecution of Jews, Communists, and Catholics.
When World War II began, Fort Lauderdale became a major US base, with a Naval Air Station to train pilots, radar operators, and fire control operators. A Coast Guard base at Port Everglades was also established.
On July 4, 1961, African Americans started a series of protests, wade-ins, at beaches that were off-limits to them, to protest "the failure of the county to build a road to the Negro beach". On July 11, 1962, a verdict by Ted Cabot went against the city's policy of racial segregation of public beaches.
Today, Fort Lauderdale is a major yachting center, one of the nation's largest tourist destinations, and the center of a metropolitan division with 1.8 million people.
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida
floridayimby.com/2021/08/bank-of-america-provides-84-mill...
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
EXPLORE 27 genn 2009 hp #14
Accolgo l'invito di Stefania (Frabattista) e tento...Non tradurrò in inglese perchè non lo conosco fino a questo punto e perchè...sono pigro
1) Mi chiamo Paolo e sono nato il 5 settembre 1948
2) Sono felicissimamente sposato con Miriam dal 1971
3) Ho quattro figli: Agostino, Simone, Maria Diletta e Lucia
e due nipotini, figli di M.Diletta: Emanuele e Giovanni ...e una bimba in arrivo
a fine febbraio. Ho anche un cane, Lupa, di 7 anni.
4) Sono violista e ho fatto il musicista per 40 anni e da uno sono in pensione
5) Critico e analitico, irascibile e tenero negli affetti. Geloso e magnanimo.
Sono capace di scatti furiosi, di cui subito mi pento e mi dimentico.
Sono curioso e mi interessa quasi qualsiasi argomento, ma non sono molto
costante, perchè un po' pigro.
6) Sono socievole, ma mi piace avere spazi di solitudine, camminare in riva al mare o
sul Carso, fermarmi ad osservare ciò che mi cade sotto gli occhi, commentare,
coltivare piccole amicizie occasionali con chi ha cani e, come me, cammina con
loro.
7) Mi piace mangiare, anche se non sono troppo ricercato e apprezzo il buon vino.
Purtroppo sono fumatore e credo che sarebbe dura cercare di smettere, perciò
cerco almeno di limitarmi.
8) Tutto sommato sono allegro e vitale: credo che il perno della mia vita sia il rapporto
con mia moglie, che è sempre stato molto vivo e vissuto, anche a causa dei nostri
caratteri che spesso 'fanno scintille'
9) Amo la poesia e per lunghi anni ne ho scritta. Sono stato un robusto lettore, ma da
anni non leggo più, se non qualche noioso saggio per aiutarmi a dormire. Amo
molto la cultura classica e un piccolo rimpianto è di non essere riuscito a
laurearmi in lettere classiche ( se non fossi stato musicista, sarei stato latinista...)
10) Amo argomentare, ma le polemiche mi sfiancano e cerco di evitarle. Detesto i
pregiudizi e il moralismo, specie dopo aver fatto la scelta di tentare di essere
cristiano non di facciata, ma convinto. Perciò ho anche svolto alcuni studi teologici,
specie biblici.
11) Mi piace il rosso.
12) Mi piace la fotografia, che pratico da anni, ma che ho 'riscoperto' grazie al digitale,
a 'flickr' e soprattutto a tanti amici eccellenti fotografi che incontro qui e dai quali
sto imparando...
13) Mi piace viaggiare, ma ho viaggiato poco e adoro tornare nei posti dove mi trovo
bene e che conosco
14) Mi piacciono i bambini e i cani, ma proprio per questo mi fanno anche molta pena
per la loro fragilità e per il loro essere indifesi
15) Ascolto la musica soprattutto in macchina: tutta la classica, ma anche la musica
'leggera', specie i grandi cantautori italiani ( Faber, De Gregori, Battiato...ecc.)
16) Sono un po' incosciente e qualche volta 'mi butto', perchè amo moltissimo la vita
in tutte le sue forme. Non sopporto i compromessi, la menzogna, il perbenismo, il
rancore, il razzismo, la tepidezza, la mancanza di speranza, l'economia di mercato,
il pesce (ahimè), le persone atteggiate, lo snobismo, la superficialità
consapevole...
Però, sembrava più facile parlare di se stessi. Non sono molto soddisfatto di ciò che ho scritto, ma è tutto vero, anche se non c'è tutto...ma per me, è sempre così: vorrei aver detto meglio. Ma tengo a dire che se potessi rivivere, rifarei tutto quello che ho fatto. :-))
P.S. non sapevo come estendere l'invito, adesso lo so:
'TAGGO':
1) Gigilivorno
2) Nespixel
3) DPiero
4) Nenephoto
5)Papide
6) Osvaldo_Zoom
7) Tmax66
8) JJJohn
9)Beppe Modica
10) 'Matilde'
11)Matfer
12) lorytravel4ever
13) Beppe 1977
...
La Défense (French: [la de.fɑ̃s]) is a major business district just west of the city limits of Paris. It is part of the Paris Metropolitan Area in the Île-de-France region, located in the department Hauts-de-Seine spread across the commune of Courbevoie, as well as parts of Puteaux and Nanterre.
La Défense is Europe's largest purpose-built business district with 560 hectares (1,400 acres) of area, 72 glass and steel buildings (of which 19 are completed skyscrapers), 180,000 daily workers, and 3,500,000 square metres (38,000,000 sq ft) of office space.[1] Around its Grande Arche and esplanade ("le Parvis"), La Défense contains many of the Paris urban area's tallest high-rises.
The district is located at the westernmost extremity of the 10-kilometre-long (6.2 mi) Historical Axis of Paris, which starts at the Louvre in Central Paris and continues along the Champs-Élysées, well beyond the Arc de Triomphe along the Avenue de la Grande Armée before culminating at La Défense. The district is centred in an orbital motorway straddling the Hauts-de-Seine département municipalities of Courbevoie, Nanterre, and Puteaux. La Défense is primarily a business district and hosts a population of 25,000 permanent residents and 45,000 students. La Défense is also visited by 8,000,000 tourists each year[1] and houses an open-air museum.
Free Flickr members with more than 1,000 photos or videos uploaded to Flickr will no longer be able to upload new content after Tuesday, January 8, 2019 unless they upgrade to Pro. After February 5, 2019, free accounts that contain over 1,000 photos or videos will have content deleted -- starting from oldest to newest date uploaded -- to meet the new limit. Members may always choose to download content over the limit at any time prior to these dates.
Lake Merritt, Oakland, California
Maine Northern Railway Train 901-31 departs the south cautionary limits for Oakfield as the crew heads for Millinocket. Due to a sun kink on the bridge at Oakfield, about 30 cars back a track foreman is walking 901-31 over at a snails pace. However once the train goes by, the engineer will gun it to get the train up to track speed to get over the hill at Dyer Brook.
Evidence of the ongoing trackwork can be seen between the tracks, with freshly dumped ballast waiting to be tamped and spread. At the time, MNR had completed dumping fresh ballast from Mile 109 (start of DOT ownership) to Oakfield, with two surfacing crews working out of Island Falls to get everything surfaced.
This part of the Madawaska Sub has seen extensive track work over the summer, with MNR running a good sized tie gang, as well as a rail gang which installed new 115LBS stick rail at various points between Oakfield and Island Falls, in addition to the surfacing work.
Maine Northern Railway
Train: 901-31
8/31/2024
Oakfield, ME
MDOT/MNR Madawaska Subdivision
August 8, 2014 - North of Odessa Nebraska US
Some of my best severe weather photography came out of this night supercell. This was a storm to remember in 2014.
This storm cell was at first, a very slow mover moving southeast about 9-10mph before it even reached northern Buffalo County. I had to work late and I was considering not to even go out. Glad I made an effort to do so....
Most of these captures were north of Odessa Nebraska US, and some in the city limits of Kearney,
*** Please NOTE and RESPECT the Copyright ***
Copyright 2014
Dale Kaminski @ NebraskaSC Photography
All Rights Reserved
This image may not be copied, reproduced, published or distributed in any medium without the expressed written permission of the copyright holder.
#ForeverChasing
#NebraskaSC
Visit my Photostream Archive (On Flickr) of Severe Weather
Información en WIKIPEDIA:
🇪🇸 Audi
🇬🇧 Audi
Tomada a 433 m.s.n.m.
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LMF:
LMF Actividades deportivas (P1/C2) ()
LMF Coches,autobuses,camiones (P1/C2) (4) ✔️
LMF Vehículos de competición (P1/C2) ()
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LMF España (Spain) (P1/C2) (1)
LMF Navarra (Navarre) (P1/C2) ()
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LMF 1000+ views (P1/C3) (3) ✔️
LMF 30+ faves (P1/C,F3) (4) ✔️
LMF 30+ comments (P1/C3) ()
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OTROS GRUPOS (CON):
AATV L01 - The Wonderful 1000s (6) ✔️
3 in a bed (4) ✔️
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Fave it Up 10-50 ()
30 faves - Level 3 (P.1, F. & C. 5) (1) ✔️
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DSLR Autofocus Level 1 [5] (6) ✔️
DSLR Autofocus Level 2 [5] (2)
PhotoGem Level 1 [4] (1)
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OTROS GRUPOS (SIN):
FLICKR ()
Flickr T0P Favorite (P1 = A+F 2) ()
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All Panoramio friends together
Flickr en Español
Flickriver
Strictly GeoTagged (no 30/60 limit)
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Pasos:
1000, 1500, 2000
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(0) Invitados - (0) Eliminados
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ESP, NAV
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This photograph captures a breathtaking view from the Black Butte Trail in Shasta-Trinity National Forest. The image is framed by the rocky and boulder-filled hiking trail on the left, leading the viewer’s eye to the west. The composition contrasts the mountainside with the a spruce and evergreen forest, complemented by the blue skies. The striking contrast between the two elements enhances the visual impact of the photograph. To achieve the desired effect, I carefully metered the image to prevent overexposure of the highlights in the upper right corner. Post-production allowed me to refine the shadowed areas without introducing significant color cast.
American Oystercatcher
The American Oystercatchers are a group of waders forming the family Haematopodidae, which has a single genus, Haematopus. They are found on coasts worldwide apart from the Polar Regions and some tropical regions of Africa and South East Asia. The exception to this is the Eurasian Oystercatcher and the South Island Oystercatcher, both of which breed inland, far inland in some cases. In the past there has been a great deal of confusion as to the species limits, with discrete populations of all black oystercatchers being afforded specific status but pied oystercatchers being considered one single species.
The name Oystercatcher was coined by Mark Catesby in 1731 as a common name for the North American species H. Palliatus, described as eating oysters. Yarrell in 1843 established this as the preferred term, replacing the older name Sea Pie.
For more info: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oystercatcher
8.000.248 views...
Forse sono tante, anche se in parecchi anni, e ringrazio.
Penso solo curiosità, perché alla fine le stelline sono poche.
Dovrei migliorare un po'
Genova , cortile del Palazzo Ducale
Freedom is having a limit
Chapter 8
A Lure is Dangled
Before entering the ballroom, I stopped by the large, deserted foyer.
At the invite desk, I picked up one of the Manors’ embossed note pads.
Trying to reproduce a masculine hand, I quickly wrote down a mischievously inspired note:
Saw you sitting in the garden, such a naughty thing trespassing
If I saw you do it again, I would have to come over and lecture you.
Never should have helped you from the marble steps, if I had known.
Another dance, under the moonlit roses, by the fountain, is your punishment!
Me
I walked out onto the private terrace.
She was still seated, restlessly squirming a bit
I walked over, circling wide, I came upon her backside and touched her on the shoulder of her richly shimmering taffeta dress.
It most certainly was quite soft!
“Here, Luv, sorry, but a man… said you dropped this? “ I asked quizzically.
Puzzled, She took it and opened it…
I saw a light go on in her pretty, almost green, eyes!
As she looked up at me, I quickly took my own eyes off her exquisite sparkling jewels.
“Yes, this is mine, thank you.”
She took a look at her watch, it was an amazingly pretty thing, a solid gold Cartier that was also amazingly expensive.
I could feel my fingers begin to start tickling.
This was promising to be ever so much fun!
She rose, and thanking me again, placing a hand, with a finger holding a glittering cocktail ring, on my shoulder, thanking me as she said her goodbyes.
^^^^^^^^^
Now, allow me to explain the note:
Earlier, as I was tailing them, I had seen the two sneaking under a blue velvet rope stretched across an opening into one of the off-limit garden areas, for a quick peek around.
I had circled, and found a path through the woods leading me to the same garden’s edge!
From the shadows, I watched…
They had sat on a bench making out a bit, before heading back inside to dance.
This was where the note was intended to lead her.
That was where I intended to be also!
And as I watched, she was making her way back to the very place!
Brilliant I thought, this should be like taken candy from a baby, a richly dressed one at that!
^^^^^^^^^
China, Beijing, a peek through a closed portal at the Forbidden City on a late November afternoon.
The Forbidden City, the “Zǐjinchéng”, in China now it is usually called "Gùgōng" is the centre of Beijing. The Palace was for 276 years, 1368 –1644 the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming Dynasty & until the end of the Qing Dynasty, established in 1636 & ruling China from 1644 to 1912.
Built from 1406 to 1420, was it the home to twenty-four Chinese emperors, from the Ming dynasty & 1420 until the end of the Qing dynasty before the abdication of Puyi in 1912. The Palace served as the home of emperors, their family circle, as well as the ceremonial & political centre of Chinese government for over 500 years.
The 980 buildings complex with officially 8.728 rooms, a common myth states that there are 9,999.5 rooms, but it is not supported by survey evidence. As one room is considered the space between four pillars. The palace represents traditional Chinese impressive architecture, it influenced cultural & architectural developments in East Asia.
The whole complex was built without a nail or a screw only with dowels & interlacing, the general renovation which started in 2002 is done with same technics & craftsmanship as in past hundreds of years & will need a couple of years, estimated by 2020, 85% should be finalized & also open to the public. During the imperial centuries it was forbidden to build any house higher than the Palace buildings, hence during thunderstorms it was the main object in Beijing to be hit by lightning
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was flounced up in revolutionary fanaticism during the Cultural Revolution. However, further destruction was prevented when Ordered by Mao Zedong, the Premier Zhou Enlai, sent an army battalion to guard the Forbidden City to prevent further devastation.
Zhou Enlai was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong was the Chairman, founding father & intellectual leader of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.
The Imperial Palace, built in only 14 years from 1406 to 1420, is a rectangle covering 720,000m2 with 961 mtr from north to south & 753 mtr from east to west. Crossing the Forbidden City through to the Tiananmen Gate, which is decorated with a portrait of Mao Zedong, the forecourt & the Meridian Gate to the north gate on Jingshan Hill it is a length of slightly more than 1,5 km. The Forbidden City is enclosed by a 7,9 mtr high & 6 mtr wide defensive wall, which has a circumference of 3,430km, surrounded by a 52 mtr wide ditch.
The Forbidden City is documented as one of the most important five palaces in the world, with an area of 72ha it is the largest & ancient palatial structure in the world. The palace is 960 mtr long & 750 mtr wide, hChina, Beijing, a peek through a closed portal at the Forbidden City on a late November afternoon.
The Forbidden City, the “Zǐjinchéng”, in China now it is usually called "Gùgōng" is the centre of Beijing. The Palace was for 276 years, 1368 –1644 the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming Dynasty & until the end of the Qing Dynasty, established in 1636 & ruling China from 1644 to 1912.
Built from 1406 to 1420, was it the home to twenty-four Chinese emperors, from the Ming dynasty & 1420 until the end of the Qing dynasty before the abdication of Puyi in 1912. The Palace served as the home of emperors, their family circle, as well as the ceremonial & political centre of Chinese government for over 500 years.
The 980 buildings complex with officially 8.728 rooms, a common myth states that there are 9,999.5 rooms, but it is not supported by survey evidence. As one room is considered the space between four pillars. The palace represents traditional Chinese impressive architecture, it influenced cultural & architectural developments in East Asia.
The whole complex was built without a nail or a screw only with dowels & interlacing, the general renovation which started in 2002 is done with same technics & craftsmanship as in past hundreds of years & will need a couple of years, estimated by 2020, 85% should be finalized & also open to the public. During the imperial centuries it was forbidden to build any house higher than the Palace buildings, hence during thunderstorms it was the main object in Beijing to be hit by lightning
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was flounced up in revolutionary fanaticism during the Cultural Revolution. However, further destruction was prevented when Ordered by Mao Zedong, the Premier Zhou Enlai, sent an army battalion to guard the Forbidden City to prevent further devastation.
Zhou Enlai was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong was the Chairman, founding father & intellectual leader of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.
The Imperial Palace, built in only 14 years from 1406 to 1420, is a rectangle covering 720,000m2 with 961 mtr from north to south & 753 mtr from east to west. Crossing the Forbidden City through to the Tiananmen Gate, which is decorated with a portrait of Mao Zedong, the forecourt & the Meridian Gate to the north gate on Jingshan Hill it is a length of slightly more than 1,5 km. The Forbidden City is enclosed by a 7,9 mtr high & 6 mtr wide defensive wall, which has a circumference of 3,430km, surrounded by a 52 mtr wide ditch.
The Forbidden City is documented as one of the most important five palaces in the world, with an area of 72ha it is the largest & ancient palatial structure in the world. The palace is 960 mtr long & 750 mtr wide, has formally 9,999 rooms, a room being the space between four pillars. The Forbidden City is enclosed by an almost 8 mtr-high defensive wall, which has a circumference of 3,430km.
Since 1925, the Forbidden City has been under the charge of the Palace Museum, whose extensive collection of artwork & artefacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming & Qing dynasties.
About 25% of the museum's former collection is since the Chinese Civil War located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei, both museums descend from the same institution.
Approximately 17 million tourists visited the palace per year in the past years, although the Palace Museum is considering to limit the daily visitors to protect the ancient architecture.
as formally 9,999 rooms, a room being the space between four pillars. The Forbidden City is enclosed by an almost 8 mtr-high defensive wall, which has a circumference of 3,430km.
Since 1925, the Forbidden City has been under the charge of the Palace Museum, whose extensive collection of artwork & artefacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming & Qing dynasties.
About 25% of the museum's former collection is since the Chinese Civil War located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei, both museums descend from the same institution.
Approximately 17 million tourists visited the palace per year in the past years, although the Palace Museum is considering to limit the daily visitors to protect the ancient architecture.
👉 One World one Dream,
🙏...Danke, Xièxie 谢谢, Thanks, Gracias, Merci, Grazie, Obrigado, Arigatô, Dhanyavad, Chokrane to you & over
14 million visits in my photostream with countless motivating comments
I was standing with the male in his regular spot from 6:30-8:15pm yesterday evening trying to get some good video footage. At about 7:45pm he starting waking up and getting pretty active with some preening and stretching. Then at 8:15pm he finally flew away to a nearby tree. Then he flew to another tree deeper in the forest and finally he joined his sweetheart on this branch and started preening her.
I was so excited because I've been studying Fan Song's superb book on Eastern Screech Owl behavior and this pair did exactly what Fan had often observed and written about.
It was so dark that I actually could not see these owls clearly but just pointed the camera, hit the autofocus button and hoped for the best. The ISO says 10,000 but that's because I set that as an upper limit; the ISO was actually much higher. I had to do some major processing magic to get any kind of image out of the original raw file.
Fort Lauderdale is a city in the U.S. state of Florida, 28 miles (45 km) north of Miami. It is the county seat of Broward County. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 165,521. It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census.
The city is a popular tourist destination, with an average year-round temperature of 75.5 °F (24.2 °C) and 3,000 hours of sunshine per year. Greater Fort Lauderdale which takes in all of Broward County hosted 12 million visitors in 2012, including 2.8 million international visitors. The city and county in 2012 collected $43.9 million from the 5% hotel tax it charges, after hotels in the area recorded an occupancy rate for the year of 72.7 percent and an average daily rate of $114.48. The district has 561 hotels and motels comprising nearly 35,000 rooms. Forty-six cruise ships sailed from Port Everglades in 2012. Greater Fort Lauderdale has over 4,000 restaurants, 63 golf courses, 12 shopping malls, 16 museums, 132 nightclubs, 278 parkland campsites, and 100 marinas housing 45,000 resident yachts.
Fort Lauderdale is named after a series of forts built by the United States during the Second Seminole War. The forts took their name from Major William Lauderdale (1782–1838), younger brother of Lieutenant Colonel James Lauderdale. William Lauderdale was the commander of the detachment of soldiers who built the first fort. However, development of the city did not begin until 50 years after the forts were abandoned at the end of the conflict. Three forts named "Fort Lauderdale" were constructed; the first was at the fork of the New River, the second at Tarpon Bend on the New River between the Colee Hammock and Rio Vista neighborhoods, and the third near the site of the Bahia Mar Marina.
The area in which the city of Fort Lauderdale would later be founded was inhabited for more than two thousand years by the Tequesta Indians. Contact with Spanish explorers in the 16th century proved disastrous for the Tequesta, as the Europeans unwittingly brought with them diseases, such as smallpox, to which the native populations possessed no resistance. For the Tequesta, disease, coupled with continuing conflict with their Calusa neighbors, contributed greatly to their decline over the next two centuries. By 1763, there were only a few Tequesta left in Florida, and most of them were evacuated to Cuba when the Spanish ceded Florida to the British in 1763, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1763), which ended the Seven Years' War. Although control of the area changed between Spain, United Kingdom, the United States, and the Confederate States of America, it remained largely undeveloped until the 20th century.
The Fort Lauderdale area was known as the "New River Settlement" before the 20th century. In the 1830s there were approximately 70 settlers living along the New River. William Cooley, the local Justice of the Peace, was a farmer and wrecker, who traded with the Seminole Indians. On January 6, 1836, while Cooley was leading an attempt to salvage a wrecked ship, a band of Seminoles attacked his farm, killing his wife and children, and the children's tutor. The other farms in the settlement were not attacked, but all the white residents in the area abandoned the settlement, fleeing first to the Cape Florida Lighthouse on Key Biscayne, and then to Key West.
The first United States stockade named Fort Lauderdale was built in 1838, and subsequently was a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. The fort was abandoned in 1842, after the end of the war, and the area remained virtually unpopulated until the 1890s. It was not until Frank Stranahan arrived in the area in 1893 to operate a ferry across the New River, and the Florida East Coast Railroad's completion of a route through the area in 1896, that any organized development began. The city was incorporated in 1911, and in 1915 was designated the county seat of newly formed Broward County.
Fort Lauderdale's first major development began in the 1920s, during the Florida land boom of the 1920s. The 1926 Miami Hurricane and the Great Depression of the 1930s caused a great deal of economic dislocation. In July 1935, an African-American man named Rubin Stacy was accused of robbing a white woman at knife point. He was arrested and being transported to a Miami jail when police were run off the road by a mob. A group of 100 white men proceeded to hang Stacy from a tree near the scene of his alleged robbery. His body was riddled with some twenty bullets. The murder was subsequently used by the press in Nazi Germany to discredit US critiques of its own persecution of Jews, Communists, and Catholics.
When World War II began, Fort Lauderdale became a major US base, with a Naval Air Station to train pilots, radar operators, and fire control operators. A Coast Guard base at Port Everglades was also established.
On July 4, 1961, African Americans started a series of protests, wade-ins, at beaches that were off-limits to them, to protest "the failure of the county to build a road to the Negro beach". On July 11, 1962, a verdict by Ted Cabot went against the city's policy of racial segregation of public beaches.
Today, Fort Lauderdale is a major yachting center, one of the nation's largest tourist destinations, and the center of a metropolitan division with 1.8 million people.
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida
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A last minute post for Blue Monday...just ready to go to bed and came across this one taken from plane on the way to California..so thought I would add it..now that you are all in bed! LOL..have a great week everyone and don't be blue!. On explore @ 369 April 8/09
Porto (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpoɾtu]; also known as Oporto in English[5]) is the second largest city in Portugal after Lisbon[6] and one of the major urban areas of the Iberian Peninsula. The urban area of Porto, which extends beyond the administrative limits of the city, has a population of 2.1 million (2011)[7] in an area of 389 km2 (150 sq mi),[1] making it the second-largest urban area in Portugal. Lisbon Metropolitan Area, on the other hand, includes an estimated 2.8 million people.[8][9][10] It is recognized as a gamma-level global city by the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group,[11] the only Portuguese city besides Lisbon to be recognised as a global city.
Located along the Douro river estuary in Northern Portugal, Porto is one of the oldest European centres, and its historical core was proclaimed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996. The western part of its urban area extends to the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean. Its settlement dates back many centuries, when it was an outpost of the Roman Empire. Its combined Celtic-Latin name, Portus Cale,[12] has been referred to as the origin of the name "Portugal", based on transliteration and oral evolution from Latin. In Portuguese, the name of the city is spelled with a definite article ("o Porto"; English: the port). Consequently, its English name evolved from a misinterpretation of the oral pronunciation and referred to as Oporto in modern literature and by many speakers.
One of Portugal's internationally famous exports, port wine, is named for Porto, since the metropolitan area, and in particular the caves of Vila Nova de Gaia, were responsible for the packaging, transport and export of the fortified wine.[13] In 2014, Porto was elected The Best European Destination by the Best European Destinations Agency.[14]